Even Though Hitler Was Incontrol Of Killing Of Men And

Even though Hitler was incontrol of killing of men and women. His leadership helped Germany s economy. Adolf Hitler, the soldier who was once a decorated war veteran World War I, the leader who was once worshipped by millions of Germans, he was responsible for the massacre million Jews, is now the most hated dictator of the 20th Century. Everyone should know what Hitler has done to Jewish people of taht time. Hitler gained power because of society s discontent of the government and the society afterthe World War I. My purpose of this paper is to tell how Hitler changed lives during the 20th century. The reason behind Adolf Hitler’s rise of power, one must first understand the socio-historical background in Germany. In†¦show more content†¦N 1919, Herman Mueller, the Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic representing Germany, signed the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty made Germany lose important industrial cities, which not only slowed down the Germany economy a lo t, but also, and most importantly, deprived Germany integrity. Hitler considered the Treaty a scandal and a disgrace and that the dictate signified an act of highway robbery against the German people. According to the Versailles Treaty, the war guilt was blamed on Germany. This was devastating news to the Germans because it s not of a German social value that they are losers. German educational system emphasized nationalism and strong connection between one and the country, and in this situation furthered people s discontent ruined people s pride of their country, and resonated with people s feelings. The German social value reinforced people s discontent and anger towards the losing of war because it s just like ancient Rome, the Germans couldn t bear the idea of losing a battle, because it was a sign of weakness and a form of humiliation. The blame went straight to the Weimar Republic because it was the Republic that sealed the fate of Germany at the Paris Peace Conference. Becau se of that Republic was established government by a revolution during the war. Germany didn t have any experience with democracy prior to the Weimar Republic.

My Life On The Road By Gloria Steinem - 1790 Words

Can travelling be merely a change in motion and place? While moving around to other places does open up new discoveries, it is also able to open people’s hearts and minds to change. In My Life on the Road (2015), Gloria Steinem writes about how travelling on the road from childhood to the present day has impacted her lifelong career. Huck Finn’s perspective on society changes as Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), progresses. Although in one instance the character goes from a sedentary life to one of constant movement, and the other from a life of movement to one that is temporarily sedentary, the change in motion and maturity prompts major changes for both Huck and Gloria. While the authors did write their†¦show more content†¦Steinem let her voice be heard and still strives for social justice to this day (Biography.com Editors, â€Å"Gloria Steinem Biography†). She realized that she was jotting down little of what she had done most in her life: travelling, Her memoir, My Life on the Road (2015), covers the travels she has had since childhood. She writes about how the road inspired her to fight for feminine equality. Steinem becomes significant to the feminist movement that would shape the world. To her, the road was a usual component in life, lasting, and homey while staying in one place was short-lived (Steinem xvii-xviii). Although Mark Twain lived much earlier during a very different historical period than Gloria Steinem, his own life experiences also inspired his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). Mark Twain’s family shifted to a town called Hannibal that was established near the Mississippi River, which played an important role in the picaresque novel. The town, cruelty, poverty, and solitude from his childhood are reflected in St. Petersburg from the book. At the age of twenty-one, he learned to navigate a steamboat on the Mississippi River. Twain’s name actuall y was steamboat slang for twelve feet of water. He moved out to the American West for money and adventure and beame one of the most famous and popular writers in America (Biography.com Editors, â€Å"Mark Twain Biography†). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(119) " halt smoke and intoxicant, relaxation therapy and dietetic betterments, followed by pharmacological medicine therapy\." High blood pressure is a common and major cause of shot and other cardiovascular disease. There are many causes of high blood pressure, including defined hormonal and familial syndromes, nephritic disease and multifactorial racial and familial factors. It is one of the prima causes of morbidity and mortality in the universe and will increase in world-wide importance as a public wellness job by 2020 ( Murray and Lopez 1997 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood force per unit area ( BP ) is defined as the sum of force per unit area exerted, when bosom contract against the opposition on the arterial walls of the blood vass. In a clinical term high BP is known as high blood pressure. Hypertension is defined as sustained diastolic BP greater than 90 mmHg or sustained systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg. The maximal arterial force per unit area during contraction of the left ventricle of the bosom is called systolic BP and minimal arterial force per unit area during relaxation and dilation of the ventricle of the bosom when the ventricles fill with blood is known as diastolic BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Table 1: Definitions and categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( adapted from JNC-VII ) High blood pressure is normally divided into two classs of primary and secondary high blood pressure. In primary high blood pressure, frequently called indispensable high blood pressure is characterised by chronic lift in blood force per unit area that occurs without the lift of BP force per unit area consequences from some other upset, such as kidney disease. Essential high blood pressure is a heterogenous upset, with different patients holding different causal factors that lead to high BP. Essential high blood pressure demands to be separated into assorted syndromes because the causes of high BP in most patients soon classified as holding indispensable high blood pressure can be recognized ( Carretero and Oparil 2000 ) . Approximately 95 % of the hypertensive patients have indispensable high blood pressure. Although merely approximately 5 to 10 % of high blood pressure instances are thought to ensue from secondary causes, high blood pressure is so common that secondary high blood p ressure likely will be encountered often by the primary attention practician ( Beevers and MacGregor 1995 ) . In normal mechanism when the arterial BP raises it stretches baroceptors, ( that are located in the carotid sinuses, aortal arch and big arteria of cervix and thorax ) which send a rapid urge to the vasomotor Centre that ensuing vasodilatation of arteriolas and venas which contribute in cut downing BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Most of the book suggested that there is a argument sing the pathophysiology of high blood pressure. A figure of predisposing factors which contributes to increase the BP are fleshiness, insulin opposition, high intoxicant consumption, high salt consumption, aging and possibly sedentary life style, emphasis, low K consumption and low Ca consumption. Furthermore, many of these factors are linear, such as fleshiness and intoxicant consumption ( Sever and Poulter 1989 ) . The pathophysiology of high blood pressure is categorised chiefly into cardiac end product and peripheral vascular resistant, renin- angiotonin system, autonomic nervous system and others factors. Normal BP is determined and maintained the balance between cardiac end product and peripheral resistant. Sing the indispensable high blood pressure, peripheral resistant will lift in normal cardiac end product because the peripheral resistant is depend upon the thickness of wall of the arteria and capillaries and contraction of smooth musculuss cells which is responsible for increasing intracellular Ca concentration ( Kaplan 1998 ) . In renin-angiotensin mechanism hormone system plays of import function in maintain blood force per unit area ; particularly the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin in order to response glomerular hypo-perfusion. And besides renin is released by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system which is subsequently convert to angiotensin I so once more it converts to angiotensin II in the lungs by the consequence of angiotensin- change overing enzyme ( ACE ) . Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictive and besides it released aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal secretory organ which is responsible for Na and H2O keeping. In this manner, renin-angiotensin system increases the BP ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Similarly, in autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system play a function in pathophysiology of high blood pressure and cardinal to keeping the normal BP as it constricts and dilates arteriolar. Autonomic nervous system considers as an of import in short term alterations in BP in response to emphasis and physical exercising. This system works together with renin-angiotensin system including go arounding Na volume. Although adrenaline and nor-adrenaline does n’t play an of import function in causes of high blood pressure, the drugs used for the intervention of high blood pressure block the sym pathetic nervous system which had played proper curative function ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Others pathophysiology includes many vasoactive substance which are responsible for keeping normal BP. They are enothelin bradikinin, endothelial derived relaxant factor ; atrial natriuretic peptide and hypercoagulability of blood are all responsible in some manner to keep the BP ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . The 7th study of the Joint National Committee ( JNC-VII ) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defines some of import ends for the rating of the patient with elevated BP which are sensing and verification of high blood pressure ; sensing of mark organ disease ( e.g. nephritic harm, congestive bosom failure ) ; designation of other hazard factors for cardiovascular upsets ( e.g. diabetes mellitus, lipemia ) and sensing of secondary causes of high blood pressure ( Chobanian et al 2003 ) . Most hypertensive patients remain symptomless until complications arise. Potential complications include shot, myocardial infarction, bosom failure, aortal aneurism and dissection, nephritic harm and retinopathy ( Zamani et al 2007 ) .The drug choice for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure would depend on the single grade of lift of BP and contradictions. Treatment of non-pharmacologic high blood pressure includes life-style, weight decrease, exercising, Na, K, halt smoke and intoxicant, relaxation therapy and dietetic betterments, followed by pharmacological medicine therapy. You read "Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Fig1. Algorithm for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Chobanian et al 2003 ) Normally used antihypertensive drugs include thiazide water pills, ?-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotonin receptor blockers, Ca channel blockers, direct vasodilatives and ?-receptor adversaries which are shown in the undermentioned tabular array. Table 2: Types of drugs used in the intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Waller et al 2005 ) Diuretic drugs have been used for decennaries to handle high blood pressure and recommended as first-line therapy by JNC-VII guidelines after antihypertensive and lipid-lowering intervention to forestall bosom onslaught trail ( ALLHAT ) success. They cut down circulatory volume, cardiac end product and average arterial force per unit area and are most effectual in patients with mild-to- moderate high blood pressure who have normal nephritic map. Thiazide water pills ( e.g. Microzide ) and K sparing water pills ( e.g. Aldactone ) promote Na+ and Cl- elimination in the nephrone. Loop water pills ( e.g. Lasix ) are by and large excessively powerful and their actions excessively ephemeral, nevertheless, they are utile in take downing blood force per unit area in patients with nephritic inadequacy, who frequently does non react to other water pills. Diuretic drugs may ensue in inauspicious metabolic side effects, including lift of creatinine ; glucose, cholesterin, triglyceride degrees, h ypokalemia, hyperuricemia and decreased sexual map are possible side effects. The best BP take downing response is seen from low doses of Thiazide water pills ( Kaplan 1998 ) . -blocker such as propranolol are believed to lower BP through several mechanisms, including cut downing cardiac end product through a decrease bosom rate and a mild lessening in contractility and diminishing the secernment of renin, which lead to a lessening in entire peripheral resistant. Adverse effects of b-blockers include bronchospam, weariness, powerlessness, and hyperglycaemia and alter lipid metamorphosis ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Centrally moving ?2-adrenergic agonists such as alpha methyl dopa and Catapres cut down sympathetic escape to the bosom, blood vass and kidneys. Methyldopa is safe to utilize during gestation. Side consequence includes dry oral cavity, sedation, sleepiness is common ; and in 20 % of patients methyldopa causes a positive antiglobulin trial, seldom hemolytic anemia and Catapres causes bounce high blood pressure if the drug is all of a sudden withdrawn ( Neal M J 2009 ) . Systemic a1-antagonists such as Minipress, Hytrin and Cardura cause a lessening in entire peripheral opposition through relaxation of vascular smooth musculus. Calcium channel blockers ( CCB ) cut down the inflow of Ca++ responsible for cardiac and smooth musculus contraction, therefore cut downing cardiac contractility and entire peripheral resistant. Therefore long-acting members of this group are often used to handle high blood pressure. There are two categories of CCB dihyropyridines and non- dihyropyridines. The chief side consequence of CCB is ankle hydrops, but this can sometimes be offset by uniting with ?-blockers ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Direct vasodilatives such as Hydralazine and minoxidil lower BP by straight loosen uping vascular smooth musculus of precapillary opposition vass. However, this action can ensue in a automatic addition bosom rate, so that combined ?-blocker therapy is often necessary ( Neal M J 2009 ) . ACE inhibitors plants by barricading the renin-angiotensin system thereby suppressing the transition of angiotonin I to angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors may be most utile for handling patients with bosom failure, every bit good as hypertensive patients who have diabetes. Using Ace inhibitors can take to increased degrees of bradikinin, which has the side consequence of cough and the rare, but severe, complication of atrophedema. Recent survey demonstrated that Capoten was every bit effectual as traditional thaizides and ?-blockers in forestalling inauspicious results in high blood pressure ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Angiotensin II antagonists act on the renin-angiotensin system and they block the action of angiotonin II at its peripheral receptors. They are good tolerated and really seldom do any important side-effects ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Another helpful rule of antihypertensive drug therapy concerns the usage of multiple drugs. The effects of one drug, moving at one physiologic control point, can be defeated by natural compensatory mechanism ( e.g. diuretic lessening hydrops happening secondary to intervention with a CCB ) . By utilizing two drugs with different mechanisms of action, it is more likely that BP and its complication are controlled and with the low dose scope of combined drugs besides help to cut down the side-effects as good ( Frank 2008 ) . The undermentioned two-drug combinations have been found to be effectual and good tolerated which are diuretic and ?-blocker ; diuretic and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB ( dihydropyridine ) and ?-blocker ; CCB and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB and b-diuretic ; ?-blocker and ?-blocker and other combinations ( e.g. with cardinal agents, including ?2-adrenoreceptor agonists and imidazoline- I2 receptor modulators, or betwee n ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries ) can be used ( ESH and ESC 2003 ) . If necessary, three or four drugs may be required in many instances for the intervention. The usage of a individual drug will take down the BP satisfactorily in up to 80 % of patients with high blood pressure but uniting two types of drugs will take down BP about 90 % . If the diastolic force per unit area is above 130 mmHg so the hypertensive exigency is occurred. Although it is desirable to cut down the diastolic force per unit area below 120 mmHg within 24 hours in accelerated high blood pressure, it is normally unneeded to cut down it more quickly and so it may be unsafe to make so. This is because the mechanisms that maintain intellectual blood flow at a changeless degree independent of peripheral BP are impaired in high blood pressure. However, it is of import to cut down the BP rapidly by giving the endovenous drugs but cautiousness should be taken to avoid cerebrovascular force per unit area bring oning intellectual ischaemia ( Grahame-Smith and Aronson 2002 ) . In decision, high blood pressure emerges as an highly of import clinical job because of its prevalence and potentially annihilating effects. The major categories of antihypertensive drugs: water pills, ?-blockers, CCB, ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries, are suited for the induction and care of antihypertensive therapy which helps in decrease of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. How to cite Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Marketing Strategy Of Coles - Click Here to Get Solution

Question: Write a report demonstrating how culture could assist yourchosen organization COLES ( in developing their marketing strategy.In your answer you should choose a company you have worked for (or admire and would like to work for) and use this as the context for your discussion (If they have more than one product or service, please choose one to focus on). Answer: Introduction Coles supermarket is an Australian retail chain which is owned by Wesfarmers and was founded in the year of 1914. A huge cooperation operating in 741 stores, the store has over 100,000 employees and along with another giant Woolworths forms around 80% of the Australian supermarket industry (Woolworths, 2009). The history traces back to the time in 1914 when G. J. Coles opened up a Coles Variety Store in Melbourne. The year of 1958 saw expansion of Coles food retailing when the supermarket store acquired about 54 John Connell Dickins grocery store followed by Beilbys chain and then Matthews Thompson stores. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. The company Coles uses heavy-handed techniques and tactics for dealing with its suppliers which faced huge accusations from the suppliers. There have been various branding and advertising strategies adopted by the retail chain by changing it slogans and presenting advertisements which were new in concept and creativity. They also pay attention over promotions of some leading schemes which can attract a huge consumer base. The examples were discount coupons for fuel offer, flybuys loyalty program points, Apple for Students campaign to promote Apple computers and accessories, Sports for Schools etc. At Coles, employees live their values and uphold their way of working. The buyers and suppliers are made aware of the ethical policies, code of commitment and ways of working which are fair and caring. Marketing Strategies for Coles The aim of the company is to give the people of Australia a shopping experience that they trust for its delivered quality, services and values. Coles Circle for Success is a six point plan to be able to help Coles to move forward in the direction of their mission to give a clear message about the priorities as set by Coles. Figure: Circle for Success for Coles There are plethora of initiatives being taken up by Coles to meet the needs of the present customers. It included diversification of products, improvement of on-shelf availability of products, removal of product or service duplication (Hoyer 1984), and strategies to enhance the experience of shopping of the customers. There was an innovative business combination of decreased price along with increasing cost absorption so as to deliver value to the customers. There were reinvigorating techniques for companys logistics and merchandise. Coles store matched up with the food requirements of Australia depending upon their culture and way of cooking. In Australia, the trend was to cook many foods from the scratch rather than using prepackaged foods. So, Coles upheld the food practices by providing diversity and options in food items. For providing the services of promising store team members, Coles involved in retail Leaders program which was an innovative approach for training purposes. Th e keys for the marketing strategies are people, stores, products, care, and financial returns. The company aimed at fixing some of the hygiene factors like checking for smooth trolleys, reducing queue time for customers, opening the entrances, reduce the amount of manual checking and to apply these techniques uniformly at all the stores (Huddleston, 2004). The sense of purpose, security, money, flexibility, and opportunities of advancements are the key motivators for the company. The wise decision of collaborating up with SecondBite program was a part of the innovative marketing strategies by contributing a part in social work and cause. This was an intelligent step to reduce waste by helping the needy people by giving them basic need of food. The internal recruitment have been a major strength by strengthening the presence of the employees and made them experts by giving relevant training.Flourishing of diversity, aggressive lowering of prices, food security within the region, Down Down campaigns, and many more concepts have made the chain rule the supermarket market (Humpher y, 1998). Culture- The External Factor Culture have an indelible impact over the organization and the trends followed in the marketing and production principles. Culture of Australia involves fresh market for food, dairy and meat products and therefore, Coles should not just lay its focus over just one of the product but stick to its product diversification strategies. Culture is either an enhanced use of technology with latest trends or a widespread use of social networking and social media to affect the business. Different cultures, styles and trends keeps on changing with the course of time. The culture of Australia fosters both general stores and supermarkets for sales of food and beverages (Nenycz). The culture of Australia allows growth of supermarkets more than cafes or restaurants as people are bend towards making and cooking their food from the scratch rather than eating out. Figure: Supermarket vs restaurant- Food trend in Australia With this trend and culture in Australia, we can get a review about their eating habits and cooking trends. The culture in Australia also focuses over promoting the sales of home grown products and make them usable for the people in general. Culture on the other hand also influences the buying behavior of the consumers. This external influence may vary as per the different beliefs of the people and their changing expectation and trends. The culture is inherently nebulous in nature and the norms must be tapped by business so as to produce and market the products as per the demands. The eating habits forms a part of the culture which Coles must adapt. Impact of Culture over Coles Coles have adopted the external culture of Australia and have diversified the product ranges. They must closely monitor the demands of the market of the fresh fruits and vegetables. Since the supermarket is specialized for Australia, Coles have developed customized and specialized culture. They have a Coles brand which is popular and they must focus over such products for enhancement of their sales. For the advertisement culture in Australia they must make efforts for enhanced awareness and they presently make use of co-branding for the purpose of create a broader brand appeal by collaborating with Qantas ANZ Visa Card. They have such a major impact that every $ 10 spent of shopping in Australia, $ 1.30 goes into the shares for Coles. There are myriads of reasons for which consumers do not have a choice but to extend their shopping interests in Coles because of their adaption with the present culture of the region. They have tapped the culture of Australia and have focused over three capabilities: Highly effective supply chain: they have in bound and out bound logistics for all the assets making up a network. Brand reputation: It has quality, service and value blended with positive consumer experience for a distinctive competitive strategy. Effective Top management: They have sustained Coles in the competitive environment and economic situation of Australia. Target Customers The target customers for Coles are the people of Australia that have different cooking habits and are satisfied with the services provided by Coles. It should be kept in mind that in addition to having products in the field of fresh fruits, dairy and other products, Coles should target children and youth between the age of 10 to 25 years by providing products of their convenience, choice and requirements. They must be provided with special offers over some special products matching up with their personality. SWOT Analysis Figure: SWOT analysis for Coles Recommendation and Suggestions There should be a focus over both short term and long term recommendations for the marketing strategies of Coles in regard with their present strategies and the future expectations of growth.Coles must lay a keen focus improving, refining or enhancing their investments in the field of advertisements and promotions in order to make their vision reach to the customers. (Short Term Recommendation)The prime aim of Coles should be to represent their quality and the range of products and also focus over their healthy products that go well with their consumers who are fitness freak (Pritchard, 2000). This will help in rebranding of the brand Coles to increase the likelihood of purchasing by the customers. A valuable point of differentiation in the market with quality food and less cost is a result of increase in advertising coherence and prospects.With an upsurge of the critics for Down Down campaign of Coles, there must be a balancing of rates to smoothen up the chaos. (Short Term Recommen dation). The Down Down campaign undertaken by the company was though a huge success to fire up the sales of all the diversified products and make up a different mark from all the competitors. But, this strategy or a marketing technique faced much criticism as it prolonged from the expected period of time (Ja, 2009) and hence cut off the sales of other brands too. It was marked as the greatest grocery marketing campaign in history. Figure: Price index of fruits and vegetables after Down Down campaign This is a proof that the sales of fruits and vegetables accelerated after implementation of this campaign. There were different pricing strategies adopted by Coles in the meanwhile and therefore, they were successful in maintaining their sales on an all time high. There were rounds with different targeted products. Round one was based over milk and dairy products and round two was inspired by fresh fruits and vegetables. There was an expectation of round three targeting over meat too. It is a mutual benefit for customers and partners by keeping the prices low and by the strategy of selling more. Coles must focus their marketing strategies over building up an enjoyable and convenient shopping experience for their customers. (Long Term Recommendation) Making the Coles store convenient for the customers and enhancing their shopping experience can be carried out by variety of ways and methodologies by refining both on store shopping experience and online shopping experience. Coles should focus over refurbishment of the stores to improve the atmosphere of the stores like inclusion of some light music or a good tempo, enthusiastic, hospitable and warm staff members for customer service and some similar strategies for a good on store shopping experience. For online convenience there can be regular coupons or redeemable points over Coles card for shopping. Focus over new or profitable business ventures like Coles Express to tap the potential market of Australia. (Long term Recommendation) Figure: Drivers for Food Sucsess Coles should invest in the ventures and business models that are new, contemporary, innovative and sustainable. It can be observed and predicted that the future venture for the Australian supermarket can fall down therefore, Coles must look into new business ventures for growth of sales and other factors. Coles Express is a concept and Coles Online Shopping that must be enriched and focused for a better venture. Conclusion The report gave some of the detailed explanations about the current marketing strategy of Coles and their future prospective. It unfolded to learn about a major external influence of culture over the functioning and internal culture of the organization. Culture of a region and the market will guide the productivity and marketing strategies of Coles. Further, the impact of this culture factor over Coles is studied and the future marketing strategies are presented as an expected plan. Some short and long term recommendations are provided for a better business and marketing. References Hoyer W., D., (1984). An Examination of Consumer Decision Making for a Common Repeat Purchase Product. The Journal of Consumer Research, 11(3), 822-829. Huddleston P., Whipple J. and Van Auken A. (2004). Food store loyalty: application of a consumer loyalty framework. Humphery, K. (1998).Shelf life: supermarkets and the changing cultures of consumption. Cambridge University Press. Ja C., and Godfrey M. Aussies angry as grocery prices soar. Sydney Morning Herald, 9 November 2009. Lee, J., (2009). The massive marketshare of Coles and Woolworths. Sydney Morning Herald, 31 August, 2009. Nenycz-Thiel, M. Private Labels in Australia: A case where retailer concentration does not predict private label share. Brand Management, 18(8), 624-633. Pritchard, W. N. (2000). Beyond the modern supermarket: geographical approaches to the analysis of contemporary Australian retail restructuring. Australian Geographical Studies,38(2), 204-218.

Cuban Missile Crisis Essays (1116 words) - Nikita Khrushchev

Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was the closest the world ever came to full-scale nuclear war. When the Soviet Union placed offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy interpreted the act as one of hostility that would not be tolerated. However, the situation was blown way out or proportion by the president, American media, and ultimately the citizens of the United States. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, was reacting to the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, US Missile installations along the Turkey/Soviet border, and the clear anti-Communist policy of the United States. Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka in southwestern Russia. He was raised in a poor family whose income depended solely on the coal mining job of his father. In 1918 he joined the Bolsheviks and attended a Communist school the following year. He moved to Moscow in 1929 and began working for the Communist government. He gained much praise and advanced quickly. By 1939, he was a member of the Politburo. He became Secretary of the of the Central Committee in 1951. After Stalin died in 1953, the USSR went through two more premiers before Khrushchev came to power in 1958. As Premier, Khrushchev publicly condemned the terror filled reign of Stalin. Stalin continually pushed for domination. Several Eastern European countries united with the USSR under Stalin's reign and millions of innocent people were slain. Stalin also restricted Soviet citizens personal liberties to previously unheard of measures. Khrushchev was a completely different ruler. He acridly criticized Stalin's crimes against humanity and began a rapid process known as destalinization. This entailed destroying statues, pictures, or images of Stalin and renaming most things previously named for Stalin. Khrushchev also restored many of the personal liberties that Stalin had taken away. He let political prisoners free, restored much freedom of thought, and restored freedom of the press. He increased production in factories and placed a strong emphasis on the Soviet space program. Although he had little pity for small, weak Europe and Asian countries, he worked to avoid war with Western nations. He even called for a "peaceful coexistence" with the United States. Khrushchev, despite being communist, was concerned for the welfare of his country and did not want war with the United States. Despite his desire to avoid conflict with the western world, Khrushchev was faced with an aggressive United States government, and had to act accordingly. The Bay of Pigs invasion was a prime example. This overt military action took place when the CIA funded a paramilitary force of rebel Cubans to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. Kennedy refused to give the invasion strong American military force so it ultimately failed, thus becoming a great embarrassment to the United States. Not only was it an incredible failure and embarrassment, but it was also a US sponsored military offensive against Cuba, a communist country and Soviet ally. It was a challenge to the governments of both the Soviet Union and Cuba. In addition to the attack on Cuba, Khrushchev was also faced with US missile installations in Turkey and Italy that posed a serious threat to the Soviet Union. The installations in Turkey were less than 150 miles from the Soviet border. The installations here were MRBMs, Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles, and were nearly identical to the missiles Khrushchev had installed in Cuba. He was merely trying to prevent the US from gaining the upper hand in a power struggle, which could have meant serious disaster for the Soviets. Khrushchev, just like Kennedy and the rest of the United States, didn't want the enemy to gain a nuclear advantage. He was trying to protect his country and prevent nuclear disaster. The hysteria created in the United States as a result of the Soviet installations was immense. The US media was calling Khrushchev's actions aggressive and people began to panic. Kennedy and his advisors were debating whether or not to invade Cuba to destroy the missiles (which would have meant war), or to negotiate with Khrushchev. The situation was turned into a crisis. Khrushchev sent his first of two letters to Kennedy on October 24, 1962 in which he explained his reasons for installing the missiles. He said that the action was not aggressive, and that they would remove them immediately if the US missiles in Turkey were dismantled and Kennedy publicly promised not to invade Cuba. The fact that Khrushchev wanted the Turkey missiles dismantled was hidden from the American public for several years, making Khrushchev look much more militant than he truly was. Kennedy still debated with his

Developing the Best Supply Chain Strategy for Hong Kong †Economics Research Paper (400 Level Course)

Developing the Best Supply Chain Strategy for Hong Kong – Economics Research Paper (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Developing the Best Supply Chain Strategy for Hong Kong Economics Research Paper (400 Level Course) Objectives This study is to analyze how companies develop the best supply chain management strategy for Hong Kong. We mainly focus on the methods using by companies. Other than this, we also suggest what government can do to support a best SCM. It is because the success of practicing the best SCM not only depends on company’s internal structure, but also depends on support of government. Based on our knowledge, we try to analyze the opportunities and challenges facing to Hong Kong. Also, we show that how companies grasp the chances to develop SCM. Background As there is a change of consumer value, it is a must to have a change of management. At the very beginning, consumer mainly focus on the price of goods, they intend to buy the cheapest goods no matter how difficult to get those products. Time to time, their mindsets change to focus on the qualities of products. That is the slogan ‘right time, right quality, right place’ nowadays. The qualities, customer services and convenience become the important part of considering the consumption. Apart from this, western culture is influencing Hong Kong day by day. As the supply chain management had already been developed early in 90 century in western countries, we can see the advantages of practicing supply chain management. From knowing the benefits of SCM, the practice of SCM is inevitable in order to gain more profits and enlarge business size. Therefore, many firms and companies are trying to employ skilled persons with SCM knowledge so that they can build up a SC in their companies. Not only company urges to develop SCM, Hong Kong government also supports and encourages Hong Kong companies to develop SCM. Frequently, HK government tries to provide some courses about SCM. These courses are much cheaper than those provided by private organization. It also builds some roads and ports for practicing SCM effectively Methodology. All information are collected by the newspaper, Internet and reference books. Definition of Supply Chain Management Strategy The concept of SCM strategy is not straightforward. Some elements of strategy have universal validity and can be applied to any firm, regardless of its nature. Others appear heavily dependent on the firm’s structure, culture, and economic environment. SCM strategy is a coherent, unifying, and integrative pattern of decisions. It determines and reveals the organization’s purpose of supply chain activities in terms of the firm’s long-term objectives, action programs and resource allocation priorities. It attempts to support or achieve for the firm a long-term, substantial advantage by responding properly to opportunities and threats in the firm’s environment. A SCM strategy must be comprehensive; meanwhile, it must be break down the complex web of decisions into analyzable piece. Opportunity What is opportunity ? Opportunity is a chance for companies to develop SCM strategy There are 3 main opportunity for companies to develop the SCM strategy. Hong Kong Exports Trends Consumer and Retail Trends China entry into WTO 1. Hong Kong Export Trends In 1996, total exports through Hong Kong reached the level of US$ 181 billion. Though the export trade is still increasing, the growth rate has weakened to only 4% in 1996, from 21 % in 1992. According to the statistic, the total exports in Hong Kong tend to decrease after 1997. From 1991 to 1997, the rate of increase of the exports is decrease, from 1991, +21%, to 1997, +3%. In 1998, the exports is decrease and its dollar of export is 172.3 billion US dollars because of financial crisis. Although the exports sharply increases in 2000, the percentage decrease between 2000 and 2001 is 5%. The tendency line is decrease or level. According to the government statistic, by comparing January 2002 with January 2001, decreases were recorded in the value of domestic exports of goods to Germany (-48.2%), Singapore (-43.3%), the United States (-35.0%), Malaysia (-31.1%), the United Kingdom (-28.9%), Canada (-24.0%), the Netherlands (-16.1%) and Japan (-6.5%). On the other hand, the value of domestic exports of goods to the Mainland and Taiwan rose by 11.4% and 6.9% respectively China is the largest trading partners. From the result above, only China increases because the economic in China is increasing strongly. Most goods are needed Hong Kong as a middleman to export the goods to the other countries before China enter into the WTO. Since the USA, Germany and United Kingdom are the three largest western trading partners for Hong Kong’s consumer goods export industry. The decrease of total exports is due to the competition from Central/South American, Eastern European, Indian or Caribbean suppliers of consumer goods. These countries are the strong competitors in the key markets of the USA, UK and Germany. The market in these three largest countries has lost a significant market share by the global competitor. Caribbean and Central America took a larger share of imports into the US. Eastern Europe and Turkey gained import shares especially for Germany. A larger proportion of British import orders went to suppliers from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius. The loss of market share because the sourcing practices has restructured the method and timing. Traditional pre-season orders are increasingly being replaced by last minute ordering budgets, with more replenishment orders being placed in the light of actual sales. Retailers should gain more flexibility to adopt the unexpected consumer trends. In these competitor can provide more choice for the USA, UK and Germany to select the products. On the other hand, Hong Kong also uses the traditional method to produce the products and goods, which is not flexibility to meet the USA, UK and Germany needs. The price in Hong Kong is greater than those competitors. Free-trade agreements (e.g. NAFTA) between the western economics and the new sourcing regions only provide a partial explanation of the shift of sourcing patterns towards other countries including those mentioned above. Retailers’ needs for speeding sourcing and replenishment services are a more significant factor. In order increase the competitive, the SCM strategy should be developed. The SCM can increase the goods flexibility, which can get a higher on-shelf performance and lower price of the goods. Quick response and value chain are also needed to provide a good customer services.2. Western Consumer and Retail Trends Consumer Trends In 80’s, quality, price and time were the main factors influencing consumers’ purchasing decisions. However, in 1990s’, the desire for convenience, constraints, upon time and greater interest in entertainment have added new challenge for the retail industry in the US and Europe. Besides consumer today focus on the financial security, health care, comfort and safety. Moreover, high tax and cost of medical care are the major expenditure. Therefore, the expenditure on consumer goods decrease due to growing expenses. According to the 1997 Consumer Pulse Survey in the USA, over half of consumers agree that they have less leisure time now than before, while 62% admit to working longer hours now than ever before. In 1995 consumers spent averaged 4.3 hours per month on shopping. Consumers are prefer to spend more on enjoyment than go to shopping. In Europe and other areas the trends is similar, people tends to reduce the shopping time and spend more time on other activities. Some people describe shopping as a â€Å"hassle†. According 1997 KSA Consumer Pulse Survey Showed that 68% of consumers walk into a store with a clear idea of what they want to buy, but they run a nearly 50% chance of being disappointed. 68% of consumer enter a store with clear idea then 81% don’t like the style 67% not suitable size 66% price too high 59 % doesn’t fit 49 % can’t find what they are looking for source: KSA the statistic shows that 49 % of consumer want to spend money buying goods; however, the goods are not fit, price is too high, the style is not good. Retailer trends Considering these changing consumers’ trends, retailers must do some policies to attract the consumers. Retailers should change their strategies to satisfy the customers needs. The strategies includes increase availability, replenish products regularly, shorten product development lead times and quick response. These strategies are the supply chain strategy. Retailers have reconfigured their supply chains in order to ensure better availability of merchandise in their stores. Hong Kong companies no matter the exporter, retailer, supplier, should adopt these changes and meeting the consumers needs. As a result, Hong Kong companies should develop SCM in order to avoid eliminating through the competition because the consumers are the main source of income in the company. 3. China entry into the WTO Potential Market in China After China enters into the WTO, all walks of life will be open. Facing the large potential market foreign investors will invest lots of capital in China such as building the manufacturing industry. China Government forecast that after China enters into the WTO, the GDP will be greater 1 trillion Yuan. The import and export in China also increase stable from 1996 to 2001. This shows that the volume of imports and exports in China will continuous increase because the entry into the WTO. After entry into the WTO, all countries are treated as fair as possible. The regulations in exports and imports will less than before. The quota of imports and exports will decrease. In order to perform the fairness in the WTO, China will break down business who are monopoly. The foreign investors can wholly have a company. The statistic also shows that the consumer power in China is very strong. We can predict that the consumer power in China market will increase strongly after China enter into the WTO. Hong Kong challenge The tradition position in Hong Kong has changed. The goods do not need to go into Hong Kong and then go into the China. After entry into the WTO, goods can directly flow into China. Hong Kong Opportunity The logistic in China are still at the beginning stage whatever the software and hardware. In logistic, the warehouse facilities, distribution center, road, port and airport are not efficiently run. The people who are lack of knowledge of logistic and SCM. Hong Kong can focus on the SCM which provide a effective and efficient way to distribute the goods and the value chain to have a quick response in customer, supplier and consumer. The future road for Hong Kong is to develop an efficient logistic network in China in order to increase re-export volume between China and other countries. Hong Kong can reply on its good import and exports relationship and logistic network to China and foreign countries act as a stepping-stone for foreign companies to invest in China. Since Hong Kong has a effective airport and port the goods can flow into the Hong Kong and distribute to other regions in China. To face the huge consumer market in China, Hong Kong companies can act as the agent of foreign products and help the products to go into the China market successfully because Hong Kong has a good experience and relationships in China market. As a result, it should have a good marketing concept and strategy and good SCM strategy to maintain a good services to satisfy the customer needs. The challenge Firstly, Hong Kong businessmen have silo thinking, many information is available in each supply chain members, but they are reluctant to share it due to a lack of trust and a fear that the information will be revealed to competitors. Secondly, different facilities in the supply chain may have different, conflicting objectives. For example, manufacturers objective of making large production batches typically conflicts with the objective of both warehouses and distribution centers to reduce inventory. As a result, conflict management in interorganizational relationships is becoming increasingly difficult to manage. Thirdly, there is communication problem in the supply chain. Supply chain members come from different area of the industry and come from different country. Since the different cultures, languages and specific knowledge, it is difficult for them to communicate and cooperate. Fourthly, there are not enough trainee and infrastructures in Hong Kong. Supply chain management is still a new concept for many Hong Kong businessmen. It is essential to provide a number of professions in SCM . But it is costly for businessmen to take a course. Also, the infrastructures are not enough. There is traffic jam during peak hours in Hong Kong. Fifthly, SCM increase the cost of transportation. To apply the JIT and get a zero inventory, increasing frequency of transport inventory is needed. As a result, the transportation cost is increased. Sixthly, Hong Kong faces a strong competitor. Hong Kong ports and logistics services providers are recognized as having the edge in SCM operations experience compared with their mainland counterparts. Shanghai and Guangzhou, will become more competitive with Hong Kong within the next five years. They had been making steady progress in building up their information technology and transport infrastructure. Chinas State Economic and Trade Commission data indicate the market is worth about 100 million Yuan (about HK$93.76 million). With its gigantic manufacturing base and domestic market, Chinas import and export traffic through the Pearl River Delta, as well as demand for third-party logistics services will grow by leaps and bounds. And admission to the World Trade Organization was accelerating infrastructure development programs. Seventhly, the ability to control outsource suppliers is diminished.Many companies are shifting the control of their reputation to outsiders. The outsourcing phenomena may have come into vogue to offset the rate and magnitude of corporate downsizing. But, if critical components of the companys core competency have been outsourced, their competitive resiliency is compromised. As the external environment continues to place pressure on companies, the ability to control outsource suppliers is diminished. Eighthly, HK companies have a week security in Internet. According to a research made by Productivity council in 2000,many companies in HK do not have a strong security in computer. In the three thousand interviewees, 76% out of three thousand interviewees just use the base Internet security technology like antiviral software and password. To develop a supply chain management system, many advanced IT to several aspects of its business including its allocation of resources, process control, product distribution, procurement and online sales are needed. Review: Before planning the supply chain management strategies, we should review the structure, human recourses available, technology level available, location of administration center and distribution center and the inventory needed of a company Structure An organization is the result of the organizing process. it refers to a group of people working together to achieve a common objective (develop the supply chain management strategies).To facilitate achievement of the objective ,a clear structure of the organization should help the people in the organization reach their objective. Organizational structure is the organization’s framework in which activities are organized and co-ordinated. Communication is a very important part in supply chain. A clear structure of the organization should fulfill the principle of chain of command and unity of command. Chain of command is the paths an order should take from the highest to the lowest levels of management. Response and feedback also travel along the same chains back up to the higher management levels. It seems that it will slow down the communication process as orders or responses have to pass through layers of management before they reach their final destinations, but using supply chain strategies it can improve the speed of communication. Besides chain of command, unity of command also is important, it means that each person reports to only one superior, it can ensure that a subordinate will get orders from only one source. If a subordinate reports to more than one superior, he may receive conflicting orders from different superiors at the same time. He will be very frustrated, as he does not know which order should be followed. So it can improve the speed of market response. Human Resource Management As employees are very important to the success or the objective achievement of a company so human resources planning is very important to implement the supply chain strategy. The first step is to forecast human resources requirement, for example, the talent of supply chain and the number of employee in each departments needed. The next step is to compare and find ways to eliminate the discrepancies between the availability of human resources and the forecasting of human resources requirement. There are some ways to deal with the surplus and the shortage of employees, for example, hiring, promotion, transfer, training, and dismiss redundant personnel Location If a company want to develop a supply chain system, its administration center must not located at the place where is difficult to gather information, as the most important part of the supply chain is communication, such as customers feedback and market situation. Then the distribution center and the warehouse cannot be located in the place where is inaccessible and high land cost, the reasons are the customer today require company has flexible delivery of products and the company need to lower its inventory cost according to increase the competitive power. Technology level (hardware) The importance of information and the supporting technology, to supply chain management is evident, determining which specific systems and application can provide a specific supply chain with the greatest benefit is very important . In the development and maintenance of the supply chain’s information systems, the technology level must be addressed. Analyze the technology level within the company is suitable for supply chain system or not. That means the company needs to computerize the system in all departments. It can improve the communication efficiency among different departments and partners. For example, the inventory level in the warehouse can be monitored and order the material in right quantity and right time. Inventory needed Depend on each case, the company needed to decide that the materials are purchased from one major supplier or few suppliers. If the company chooses one major supplier, the company may have some discount and have a better relationship with the supplier. However, if the company chooses few suppliers, it can lower the risk of depending on one major supplier for example the delay of delivery or production in the major supplier. As there is a risk of delay of delivery, to avoid the stock out cost, inventory or safety stock may be needed. However the company needs to consider the feather of the product and the customer’s requirements then the company can decide the inventory level. For example, the company will not keep many perishable inventories. Supply chain operation strategy In the supply chain operation strategy, it involves the implementation of technology equipment and managerial skills for enhancing communication between the inter-departments that are under the same company. To take an example, the sales department can know how many products or semi-products in the inventory when they use the Internet system. It is meaningless to talk about the concept of supply chain strategy if the inter-department is lack good communication. The second purpose of supply chain operation strategy is enhancing communication between inbound and outbound partner. In fact, many companies in Hong Kong such as Park’N shop and Johnson Johnson have used the EDI and the EAN/UCC system. Under the EDI system, the formatted data can be transferred between the Park’N shop and Johnson Johnson computer system. Using the EDI can reduce the paperwork which can reduce the administration cost as well as human resources. Staff can be re-deployed to other more value-added functions within the organization. And also, EDI can transfer the large volumes of commercial data between the business partner in a matter of minutes, enabling faster response and increasing ECR efficient Customer Response. Since EDI can reduce the paperwork, it can eliminate the inevitable errors resulting from manual data input. EDI also enables companies to better manage and control production, purchasing and delivery requirements. EAN/UCC system can provi de unique global product identification to the business partner. It can save the time and human resources for product identification and checking the amount of inventory. Both Johnson Johnson and Park’N shop have agreed and established a forecast model which includes forecast quantity, safety stock and service level and lead time. Under this model, Johnson Johnson can share the daily stock-on hand and ex-warehouse data through EDI, to generate daily-proposed purchase order in EDI for Park’N shop. Not only the information flow can increase by using technology equipment such as EDI, but also it can be enhanced by the human communication. To take an example, Watsons the Chemist and Procter Gamble has formed a cross-functional team. It involves the representatives from marketing, sales, merchandising, operations, logistics and IT functions from the both side. In this cross-functional team, they have the opportunity to develop the same goal which can increase the relationship between the Watsons the Chemist and Procter Gamble. Since many business in Hong Kong such as Watsons the Chemist, Procter Gamble, Park’N shop and Johnson Johnson have implemented the concept of supply chain for many years, many people who are experienced in managing the supply chain in Hong Kong. The most important thing is they are top level and middle level managers who have good conceptual and communication skill. It can help to develop the best supply chain strategy respect to experienced mangers. Compared with other Asian country, many businesses in Hong Kong implemented the supply chain equipment with high efficiency. Logistics strategy Logistics strategy is the strategy of planning, implementing, controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information among the supply chain partner to satisfy the customer’s need at dynamic environment. Under this strategy, it involves the Cross docking, ASN (Advanced Shipping Notice) and Dispatch Advice. Cross docking is the term for the process that allows a retailer to receive the goods at the distribution center and process them for direct store delivery without further handing. The main advantages of using the Cross docking is reduce the warehouse cost and improve the lead-time. I Inventory management is one of the important steps of applying successful logistics strategy. Many vendors take active to develop the tracing and monitoring of sales performance and replenishment needs from their customers. The risky of stock out can be reduced. It also helps to receive valuable trend information for product development for the next seasons. Many companies such as wellcome and seven eleven used logistic strategy to control the good flow. In the recent, many businesses develop the logistics services to their customer. To take an example, Sun logistics provides â€Å"One Shop† a service that meets the customer’s needs to move goods in a manner that balances the speed with the cost effectiveness. They provide for the their customers to warehouse management, inventory management, delivery service and value-added services such as in-house labeling, packaging and price-tagging services to support special promotions and re-export operation. To conclude, not only the supply chain partner use the logistic strategy, but also other companies provide logistic service to the customers. Compared with other country, we can see that a lot of companies in Hong Kong use or offer logistic strategy. Therefore, Hong Kong can develop the logistic strategy respect to the human resources as well as the equipment such as multiple strategically located warehouses. Relationship strategy Relationship strategy is a main cause in developing the best supply chain management strategy in Hong Kong. Having a good relationship between each party, it will be smoother in dealing business and solving problem with them. Indeed, Hong Kong is a suitable place for companies developing a good relationship between its partners, suppliers and customers. It is because Hong Kong’s technology is so advanced. Having advanced technology, information will be exchanged more efficient and accurate. Then, it may eliminate much unnecessary technical or paperwork problem with other parties. Relationship will then easily build up. In Hong Kong, it has put so much effort on information technology education; therefore, there are many IT talents to support the supply chain management. Also, Hong Kong people always chase the trend of technology all over the world. It leads to improve the process of supply chain management more efficient and efficiency. Frankly speaking, trust is a main element of establishing good relationship between every party and trust is correlation. Even if our technology is so advanced, we cannot establish good relationship with our stakeholders without trust. Therefore, trust will be the main focus on developing good relationship strategy between suppliers, partners and customers. Firstly, from suppliers’ point of view, they want to have an exact demand scheduling of their customers. However, if suppliers are still using paperwork or working with low technology, it is difficult for company to exchange accurate information. Therefore, electronic database interchange (EDI) is needed. If suppliers have not installed such technology, their customer will persuade them to install it. On the other hand, if suppliers have installed EDI, it is encouraged to fully utilize such technology in order to exchange information more accurate and faster. On the other hand, if there is suppliers cooperate with company for the first time. Short-term contract of one to two years can be signed with them in order to protect both of parties. As both parties do not have any transaction before, it may occur many invisible problems after cooperating. Many problems have not occurred with existing suppliers may appear with the new one; therefore, short-term contract will be encouraged. Moreover, regular evaluation with suppliers will be needed too; no matter it is new one or existing one. It is because company can solve many problems during evaluation. For example, if a company discovers that one product’s quality is always out of standard, company can discuss it during evaluation. Within evaluation, company may understand suppliers’ difficulty on manufacturing such product, then, company can suggest solution to the suppliers. This kind of evaluation is not only aiming at problem solving, but also mainly at building up a trustee relationship with them. Indeed, company may also share both problem on transaction process, services etc. After a certain period of evaluation with the new suppliers, long-term contract will be proposed to sign if both parties are willing to do so. It is because company has already built up good relationship with their suppliers. . Actually, having a good relationship with suppliers can help a company operation more efficiently. It is because any problems existing between suppliers will cause ultimate effect on end customers. We value the relationship with suppliers as well as the customers’ relationship. Besides suppliers’ relationship, partners’ relationship is important too. In Hong Kong, keen competitive is everywhere. In order to enhance competitive power and bargaining power, cooperating with a company’s competitors is suggested in developing the best supply chain management strategy. Then, those competitors will become the company’s strategic partners. During cooperation, there is suggesting three â€Å"Joints†. They are joint procurement, joint transportation and joint research and development. Firstly, joint procurement means companies jointly purchase their supplies. One good example is Cathy Pacific. After joint procurement with One World Alliances, Cathy Pacific is successfully reducing US$3.5million cost. Obviously, joint procurement is practicable. It is increasing not only the procurement value, but also the bargaining power against suppliers and competitive power within its industry. Secondly, joint research and development is also suggested. In which companies and companies can jointly take a research on product development. For example, SCE and Sony are jointly developing the most advanced semiconductor technology with Toshiba and IBM respectively. And this most advanced semiconductor technology will be used on the central process unit (CELL) of Play Station 3. Therefore, it can share the cost and risk of research and development in each company. Lastly, joint transportation of strategic partner can also be adapted. Because suppliers may not fully utilize the capacity of cargo shipment, using joint transportation can greatly reduce the transportation fee. Several decades ago, the customer value to the goods was just based on the price. Later they concerned more on the quality, price and time. But nowadays, more and more customers are concerning element, SERVICE. Since the change of customer value, reducing the price in order to maintain the customers’ loyalty is not adoptable. As a result, suppliers have to change their operating, logistics and relationship strategy to satisfy the changes of customer value. The most important thing in improving the relationship between supplier and customer is to increase the service providing to customers. Companies should at least satisfy the several primary factors such as the product design, product price, service, etc. Apart from these factors, if companies can satisfy the extra needs of customer, it will maintain or increase the loyalty of customer. Company should set some principles or rules to staff when servicing customers. Also, customers responses must be realize and regard seriously. Over 60% of customers leave companies because of the shortcoming in customer services and caring. Therefore, companies have to react as soon as possible in order to keep customers base on the efficient customer service management. Total quality management is one of the methods to maintain the quality of product. It can ensure the quality of product is at standard. One of the techniques is six sigma quality. This quality controlling can reduce the defect rate to nearly 0%. Although it is impossible to reduce the defect to 0, it can at least increase the satisfaction of customer and maintain their loyalty to the product. Since the main purpose of companies nowadays is not to attract new customer, but to keep the existing customers. As mentioned before, the information flow of Hong Kong is advanced; company can react to the customer in a short time to reduce the waiting time of customer. In recent years, the after sales service is common throughout the world. This kind of services is to increase the customer loyalty also. But if there is lack of reviewing processes of customer relationship management, there will be less progress on the services provided. In this changing world, little improve of services will forces the customers to shift to other companies. If companies can practice these activities, they can develop a information feedback from customer for future improvement. In customer relationship, quick customer response is important. It is because if company reacts to customers slowly, customers will think the company neglects them. Hence, customers will leave the company. If companies make use of high technology to react faster to cope with customers needs, company can then maintain customers’ loyalty. For example, the Q A section in the homepage of company. Government Support To develop the best supply chain management strategy, the participation of companies is not enough. The role of government is also important. However, Hong Kong government is not fully participating in the development, but just act as a supportive role because of non-intervention policy. Therefore, we suggest a few points to government in order to help to develop the best supply chain for Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, the number of parking space of cargo ship is just eighteen; it cannot afford the average daily number of ship which is 108. Hong Kong cargo terminal still uses the 19th century method, which is using the barge to load the cargo from the cargo ship and ship to terminal. As a result, it increases the transportation processes and the transportation cost. To tackle this problem, Hong Kong government should build more infrastructures such as cargo ship parking area to reduce the loading process and to satisfy the huge daily number of cargo ship. Hong Kong government can also announce the consultant report to small-middle enterprises. This gives companies a clear guideline and future government policy. Companies can develop their own supply chain according to the government policy. For example, companies can setup their warehouses near to the harbor terminal or airports in order to decrease the transportation cost or design the transportation network. Recently, the Hong Kong Productivity Council has sent the report of research on Hong Kong’s transportation and trading sectors to relevant sector for strategic planning in order to meeting the change and challenge in the coming decades. Most of companies realize the importance of supply chain recently, but they are lack of the knowledge, capital and talent. Because developing a good supply chain system is costly. The government can subsidize companies to develop the supply chain system. Although the Hong Kong Trade Development Council is providing fund for small-medium enterprises (SME), the number of successful applicant is small. This means the approval standard is very high and difficult to apply for the fund. As a result, the fund is not effective and this will discourage the company to apply the fund and create disincentive the development of supply chain management. So, the Hong Kong Trade Development Council should lower the approval standard to make more companies obtain the fund for developing the supply chain system. Moreover, Hong Kong government is helping tertiary institution to develop the courses about the supply chain and logistics to training the professional for this sector. After Mainland China entering WTO, the trading activities with Hong Kong will become frequent. The role of Mainland will become more important also. To help the development of companies in Hong Kong and in Mainland, Hong Kong government should contact the province government especially Guangdong province government and Pearl River Delta government. Because of the rapid business activities in these two regions, the government support can help to develop the supply chain such as cooperate the ports in the region and the Hong Kong Kwai Chung Cargo Terminal. The ports in the region can act as backup role of Kwai Chung Cargo Terminal. Also, both Hong Kong and Mainland government can build a cross-harbour steel bridge in order to make a direct transport of goods from other places to Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong has efficient transportation network, Hong Kong should act as the main character amount other cities in the region. All the goods are transferred to Hong Kong from other region and ma king use of the Hong Kong International Airport; all the goods from the region can immediately distribute to other places and act as a distribution hub. Although Hong Kong is has the advantage on exploring Mainland market, the information and the legal aspect of Mainland is not clear. Therefore, government should set up some organization for company to develop the supply chain in Mainland or in other regions. The Hong Kong Productivity Council will setup 9 offices in different cities in Guangdong province to develop the supply chain, legal support, etc . The checking procedure in Lok Ma Chau Border Crossing is complicated that this will increase the queuing time of lorry. Hong Kong and Shenzhen government should simplify the procedure and increase the working hour to 24-hours service. The transportation of goods of companies will become more flexible. This can help company to improve the quality and on time delivery of product. One of basic element of developing the best supply chain is technology support. In Hong Kong, the technology is enough to support the rapid information. But the software of supply chain is inadequate. There is little number of software company in Hong Kong is developing supply chain programme for Hong Kong. Therefore, Hong Kong government can subsidize software companies to develop a suitable supply chain programme to Hong Kong companies. In recent years, the internet shopping and transaction is common. However, the restriction of internet shopping and transaction is limited. Government is still drafting the context of the rules. If government finish the legistration as soon as possible, E-shopping will become more acceptable in Hong Kong. This will improve the B2C, B2B and C2C. Companies no longer to setup a retailer shop and wait for the customers. It can reduce the cost of employing forefront salesman. And this can also increase the customer responses and opinion through the inter net. Even there is a good supply chain system; lack of promotion cannot attract more foreigners to invest in Hong Kong. Because of the investment will bring the capital, technology and talent into Hong Kong, therefore, the Hong Kong government should promote Hong Kong is a good logistics and supply chain center to other countries. Several months ago, Mr. Tsang has promoted Hong Kong as a logistics and supply chain center during his public speech. Conclusion After studying this report, there are opportunities and challenges for Hong Kong to develop the best supply chain management strategy. If companies and government make use of it and follow the strategies that mentioned before, then it will help to develop a good supply chain center in Hong Kong. In developing the supply chain, government support is very important, especially the cooperation in infrastructure. However, Hong Kong government is giving little support to companies. It is hard time to companies to survive without the support from government. Although government started to concentrate on developing logistics activities, the legistration procedures are so complicated that make Hong Kong losing the competitive power. If Hong Kong government reduces the legistration procedures, more effective infrastructure and policy can be carry out. It will really make Hong Kong become the world known supply chain center and practicing the best supply chain management strategy. Reference Books â€Å"Introduction to Supply Chain Management†, Robert B.Handfield, Ernest L.Nichols, Jr â€Å"Supply Chain Management, strategy, planning and operation†, Sunil Chpora, Peter Meindl Supply Chain Management in Global Trade†, KSA Newspaper South China Morning Post iMail Ta kung pao Ming Pao Internet www.wisenews.net/hkpublic www.yahoo.com.hk www.sina.com.hk www.singtao.com www.mingpao.com www.info.gov.hk/censtatd Census and Statistic Department www.stats.gov.cn National Bureau of Statistic of China www.hkpc.org Hong Kong Productivity Council www.yahoo.com www.tdctrade.com Hong Kong Trade Department Council Research Papers on Developing the Best Supply Chain Strategy for Hong Kong - Economics Research Paper (400 Level Course)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export QuotasMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence Term Paper

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence - Term Paper Example For determining child’s nutrient needs at any stage, his rate and stage of growth are considered fundamental factor. Other factors include: body size, physical activity, health state, and basal energy use. A wide range of body requirements are based on individual characteristics (Lucas, Beth, and Sharon 103).The main objective here is to briefly analyze the nutrition needs of children from infancy through childhood and adolescence. Infancy Nutritional needs of infants are not very different from adults, it includes, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins. Yet, there is a difference in three major aspects. Firstly, the energy need per unit of weight is higher than that of adults. Secondly, the food for infants should incorporate a higher portion of tissue-building material, such as, protein, mineral elements, and vitamins as compared to adult food. Thirdly, infant diet should be consisted of food which is appropriate for the digestive capacity of this particular age. Moreover, qua ntity of the foods should be adjusted according to the needs of growing child (Joshi 166). Infancy is a robust growth period of child’s life and spans from birth to one year of age. Within six months after birth, an infant doubles his birth weight and triples it by one year. Meaning thereby, a newborn with 2.7kg at birth will be nearly 5.4kg at six months and 8kg in one year. During infancy, child begins crawling, babbling, sitting, and even walking in some cases. Usually, girls are faster than boys in these respects (Joshi 166). There are different nutrition needs in all the three phases. Initial needs of an infant are fulfilled by breast or formula milk, but later needs are satisfied by appropriate food as he starts eating. Using common sense when it comes to selecting an infant’s food in addition to a nurturing and relaxed environment leads to better health and well-being. At first year, child’s growth directly reflects the level and quality of nutrient intak e (Whitney and Rolfes 547). According to ICMR, daily intake of 120 calories per kg of bodily weight is recommended during first six months that should be reduced to 100 cals/kg of body weight during next six months (qtd. in Joshi 170).Joshi explains that high protein is essential to support the rapid growth and breast milk is ideal and recommended source to provide it (170).ICMR advocates 2.3-1.8g/kg body weight of protein intake during first six months and 1.8-1.5g/kg in the next (qtd. in Joshi 170). In early days, simple carbohydrates should be fed because amylase (a starch digesting enzyme) is not produced by body. The enzyme starts functioning in third or fourth month when starch is introduced. Adequate amount of fluids are essential for urinary excretion. Because of the absence of teeth in infants, only liquid or semi-liquid foods should be given until teeth start to develop. Infant body has limited storage for iron, therefore, iron, in addition to vitamin and minerals, particu larly calcium and phosphorous supplementation is vital. Initially, these supplements can be given as drops of oral preparations and later in a form of mixture with milk or fruit juices, but amounts should be kept moderate(Joshi 170). Breast milk is ideal for infant as early period of 4-6 months are of rapid development, particularly brain growth. In addition to protein, amino acids and fats in breast milk are ideal to meet these needs. It also contains anti-bacterial, anti-infection agents, and immunoglobulin that works for immune

Energy resources and their impact on economy Essay

Energy resources and their impact on economy - Essay Example The reason behind this is that the utilization of these forms of energy is heavily technologically dependent and these technologies are still in the stages of infancy. There are many difficulties in implementing these technologies, some of them being their higher costs and sophistication of usage procedures to the common layman. Coal is a fossil fuel that is formed in the earth's crust from slow metamorphosis of organic matter under high temperature and pressure conditions. The rate at which coal is formed is very slow and it takes millions of years for the formation of coal. Coal originally formed from ancient plants that after death were decomposed and somehow buried under layers of sedimentary rocks. With the passage of time more and more layers of sediments formed on this decomposed plant matter. This exerted high pressure and resulted in increase of temperature. Over millions of years these physical conditions caused coal to form from the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and mineral compounds that were present in the plant matter. Coal formation began during the carboniferous period known as the first coal age which spanned 360 to 290 million years before the present day. Coal deposits are fo... There exists a hairline difference between the terms "reserves" and "resources". Reserves are coal deposits that be extracted profitably with the application of technology where as resources are an estimate of the world's total coal deposits. All the resources may not be reserves because some of them are not commercially accessible. Total recoverable reserves of coal around the world are estimated at 1,001 billion tons-enough to last approximately 190 years at current consumption levels. Historically, estimates of world recoverable coal reserves, although relatively stable, have declined gradually from 1,167 billion tons at the beginning of 1990 to 1,083 billion tons in 2000 and 1,001 billion tons in 2003. The most recent assessment of world coal reserves includes a substantial downward adjustment for Germany, from 73 billion tons of recoverable coal reserves to 7 billion tons. (International Energy Outlook 2005) The coal reserves are geographically distributed as follows: Europe, in cluding all of Russia and other countries that made up Soviet Union, 44 percent; North America, 28 percent; Asia, 17 percent; Australia, 5 percent; Africa, 5 percent; and South America, 1 percent. (Speight 2003) A substantial quantity of coal consumed is burned in electric power stations to produce electricity. When coal is burned energy is obtained in the form of heat. In a power station that uses coal as the fuel, this heat converts water into super heated steam at high pressure which is made to rotate a turbine connected to a dynamo to produce electricity. The steel industry uses coke. Coke is a hard substance consisting of nearly pure carbon and is obtained by heating coal in absence of air. The coke is combined with iron

Base on the case study Critically review and discuss how the NIBCO Essay

Base on the case study Critically review and discuss how the NIBCO carry out the implementation of Business Prpcess Reengineering(BPR), Enterprise Resource Plan - Essay Example Most of the top brass (including Davis, Beutler and Wilson) fell under the Heiracrhists division as far as their social relationships were considered. Being high on grid (the extent to which an individual is influenced by the need for rules and regulations The Business Review roles (under the Business Process Teams) were assigned to people who were more of Individualist (low on group low on grid) so that they can use their own knowledge and experience in decision-making. Some of the members were taken from the Board of Directors, to add credibility and authority for the task. The Power Users and Business System Analysts were basically Egalitarians (high on group and low on grid) and hence they could work comfortably in groups. Same for Wilson’s technical team. Davis’ Change Management team, especially the chosen Focus Group, again fall under the Egalitarian division: they thrived on cooperation, collective work and teamwork for bringing about a concerted change. Any deadlocks faced by them were cleared by Rex, who can be classified with the Heirarchists. At NIBCO, there were a few Fatalists too, (like the few who left) who could not change their apathetic attitude and were unable to streamline themselves with the changing environment. However, they were few and were greatly outnumbered by the other, more positive staff. By the consent of the Tiger Team, an almost no-individuality culture was fostered (space arrangement in the Tiger Den). This went a long way in developing the esprit de corps, and even making the non-cooperative streak of the Individualists fade away. Above all, though the project was driven by a top-down approach, the sub-cultures (how do workers interact with each other at their levels), and nuances of relationships between co-workers were adequately harnessed. The sheer vigour, from Rex Martin to the lowest rung,

Discuss Seven Key Characteristics Of Leader Nursing Essay

Discuss Seven Key Characteristics Of Leader Nursing Essay Leadership is defined as a combination of skills, internal motivation or personality traits and characteristics in any particular situation in which a person is able to influence the values, attitudes, beliefs or behaviour of a team (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2006). It is an art which can motivate or inspire a person or a group to do well and achieve a common goal. In leadership a person who works as a leader directs a group by using knowledge, skills and personality traits and all team members follow this leader. Leadership occurs when someone influences others to act in a situation by guiding, inspiring and motivating (Davidson, 2010). There are seven major characteristics of a leader which play a vital role in leadership. The first and most important characteristic is self esteem. A leader should have knowledge of his or her strengths and weaknesses. If a person is able to find their own self then he or she can build strength in others and can also create confidence which can counterbalance any weaknesses or ineffectiveness in others. This is very important in every field of leadership. A leader should know about his or her own worth and be able to make good decisions (Blais, Hayes, Kozier Erb, 2006). Secondly, a leader should be a good communicator, because communication always works to increase unity and it leads to teamwork. A leader who has good communication skills can understand team members views and think about them. A leader always motivates team members to share their ideas to ensure that all are able to contribute to achieve the common goal. If a leader can communicate well with group members regarding their plans and ask them about their ideas, they will feel more motivated and valued for their work and also will understand their duties. This characteristic empowers the team members to equally participate in achieving common goal (Vanhove, 2010). Integrity is an important and effective quality of a leader which involves honesty, loyalty and trustworthiness in leadership. It is demonstrated by a persons thinking, attitudes and actions. People always judge integrity by a leaders behaviour and truthfulness during work. If a person treats others well with a strong sense of right and wrong and shows dedication towards their work, they are a trustworthy and respected leader. Leaders can display integrity by working clearly and honestly with team spirit (Kelly, 2009). A leader should have balance between professional or family life. It is a good trait of a leader to have a balanced life. If a person pays attention to their work or their goals at the appropriate time and then is also able to maintain their personal relationships by giving time to family members and friends, then that person can lead without stress in their work place. A leader can become a role model by balancing their life (Whitehead, Weiss Tappen, 2004). Having a good vision is another essential quality of leadership. By this characteristic a leader can find out new opportunities and new trends to make their organisation strong and successful. A leader who has good visualization of upcoming possibilities and trends can make a difference in discerning good and bad opportunities. By this visionary leadership, leaders can imagine effective goals for team members and apply these in order to avoid difficult problems. Leaders should screen opportunities or information and choose the useful information for their team to attain the best outcomes. This personality trait is also important for the professional growth of a person (Sullivan Decker, 2009). In addition, a leader should have the power to make decisions and empower the team members to share their ideas with management. Empowerment makes a leader confident and relevant to work in the organisation. By empowering group members, their contribution to thinking and planning increases their passion to work in a group (Huber, 2006). Moreover, awareness and observance of their environment should be in leadership. A person who has the ability to observe that what is happening around him or her can work as a leader. In some tough situations a leader can observe the problem and make some relevant decisions to solve it. Good observational skills help to detect upcoming difficulties and enable strategies to be put in place to prevent harm by informing the group in advance (Spears, 2010). These characteristics are very important in nursing leadership because an effective nurse leader can work with others to gain universal goals like better client care, make new policies and create new procedures. In nursing leadership, integrity is very important because patients and health workers always accept honesty and rely on trustworthy leaders. As a leader, a nurse has to notice different issues and perspectives to improve clients health, so good characteristics make him or her passionate and a source of encouragement to do the best which result in a good impact on others (Carroll, 2002). In the health care environment, leaders and teams or team work are necessary for success so it is important to have good traits in a leader to promote the health and take appropriate action in order to meet patients needs. In nursing field effective leadership require all these characteristics to understand the human emotions that nurses face daily basis. By having good self esteem, nurse leader can understand and accept own self in nursing. Some traits like good communication and good observation in nurse leaders make them strong to focus on achieving common goal related to client care and it increase leadership capacity which are vital to ensuring assessment of situation and implementation of a suitable plan of action. Nursing leadership based on honesty and truthfulness because patients trust on nurses for improvement in health care with understanding (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2010). Nursing practice is affected by these characteristics which are needed to shape and improve the structure of health care facilities. They help to make new strategies in order to achieve common goals. Health field is a difficult field so staff and management have to tackle difficult situations in daily routine so this helps in decision making and problem solving (Shaw, 2007) Empowerment makes staff members independent to share their ideas and power to take decision in client care. By having these characteristics in nursing leaders they can learn from adversity and show dedication to the job. By good observation a leader can monitor the staffs work to maintain quality and provide the best direction to staff for future. It is essential for nurses to realize that people require ongoing feedback which can be positive or negative. In the practise of nursing, effective leadership requires understanding common goals and needs of staff and patients which can be created by motivating and empowering the team and others who will interact with it (Blais, Hayes, Kozier Erb, 2006). Change always affected by power. It can be in different position. Power works for change by using different methods and ways. It can be knowledge, money and experiences of particular field. In nursing field nurses can make change only in their limitations and by using their own power which should be related to client care (Painter, 2010). Power is defined as one persons effect or influence on others to gain support in order to implement new ideas. It can be used to reward or punishing others for right or wrong action. People are always affected by power and sometimes it influences every day practice in nursing and nurses represent the power capacity to react and respond in a range of ways. Power can produce changes in work place and quality of work for best result in health care environment. Nurses knowledge, practise and understanding of their role in helping people make them more able to influence people by particular decision making related to peoples health and wellbeing. Their power and authority can be used to improve the patients condition and nursing practise (Marquis, 2009) Nurses have power to discuss new policies and plan. They can speak about right and wrong in practise and share their ideas to benefits clients care. Power also can be use to improve skills and knowledge of working group. Nurses use their power to work for client for better outcomes (Huntington Gilmour, 2006). Nurses can exercise their power by educating to patients and their families in order to achieve better health and make changes in their power. Secondly, nurse can use power effectively by changing behaviour of colleagues by introducing new policies and plans. Nurse can improve their performance in their profession by getting training which will improve their good practice (Tomey, 2004). Nursing managers use their power to make changes in organizations by evaluating staff in order to reward and punish them. Nurses use power to share information and work as experts in nursing field. Nurses use information and reasonable power to promote health. Empowering everyone in this field, prevent conflicts and other unsatisfactory behaviour in the work place. Moreover, empowerment provides independence to make decisions for health worker in their field (Yoder- Wise, 2003). Nurses should always use their power to be trustworthy health care providers because power makes a relationship of trust between nurse and client. In other words, nurse can effectively use power strategy to motivate others to connect and collaborate to achieve professional goals (Huber, 2006). In conclusion, leadership is a process to influence others by some characteristics to make change and achieve common goal in profession. Seven key characteristics like integrity, self esteem, communication skill, power, balance in life and observation, are very important for nursing leader because by these characteristics a leader can impact strongly on others and feel more confident to motivate others. Honesty and vision to know opportunities create trust among staff, client and leader which is important to improve health services for better care. In nursing field power of a leader and nurse creates changes in others to get success for the implementation of plans and improve knowledge by training. Appropriate use of power in nursing, plays a vital role in managing difficult situations in decision making.

The OSI Model and The Pony Express Essay -- Essays Papers

The OSI Model and The Pony Express The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this hardware, and the medium (such as wiring or cabling) that will interconnect the computing devices that are in the network. The computer networker’s job is to determine which hardware, software, and medium types will create the network that will best suit his client’s needs. Then, the networker must combine these elements into a functional system of interconnected computers (Fortino and Villeneuve 112). It was in attempting this latter task that the computer networker of the late 1970s often found himself in a pickle. The problem was that each vendor of computing equipment had developed his own unique set of products; products that were incompatible with the products of other vendors. This incompatibility made it very difficult for a computer networker to combine the various network components into an operational computer network (Stamper 27). The OSI model provided for a solution to this problem. The model organized those tasks that are essential for computer network operation, into seven groups. These groups were called layers. All manufacturers of computing equipment were recommended to make their products compliant with the OSI model. This meant that each computing product was to perform the functions associated with a specific layer within the model; any method of accomplishing these functions was acceptable. In a network composed of equipment that operated according to OSI guidelines, a separate product would be used to perform each layer of OSI functionality. Thus, all elements of the network would be aware of the specific jobs performed by every other network element; this would allow for compatibility between networking products that were created by different vendors. By designing networks according to OSI guidelines, the networker was able to combine any group of products, made by any number of vendors, into a fu nctioning computer network (Stamper 28). .. ...he secret of its success in the field of computer networking, and this is also the key to its use in other areas of communication as well. Works Cited Derfler, Frank J., Jr., and Les Freed. How Networks Work. California: Macmillian Computer Publishing, 1996. Dicerto, Joseph J. The Pony Express: Hoofbeats In The Wilderness. New York: Franklin Watts, 1989. Fortino, Andres, and Arnold Villeneuve. Networking Technologies: A Complete Guide To Passing The Novell CNE Exam. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1996. Introduction To Networking. Diskette. 1992. Networking Technologies. Diskette. 1992. Oslin, George P. â€Å"Pony Express.† Encyclopedia Americana. 1999 ed. â€Å"Pony Express.† Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1997. Settle, Raymond W., and Mary Lund Settle. Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955. Stamper, David A. Business Data Communications. 5th ed. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999. Shelly, Gary B., Cashman, Thomas J., and Judy A. Serwatka. Business Data Communications: Introductory Concepts and Techniques. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: Course Technology, 1998.